What is Central Processing Unit

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Central Processing Unit


CPU is the electronic brain of a computer. A CPU in a personal computer is usually a chip. It controls various devices connected to the computer. It organizes and handles the instructions coming from the user or software and has millions of transistors. The processor consists of many components. Two of them are named Arithmetic and Logical Unit and Central Units.

The components of CPU: -

There are three component of CPU (Central Processing Unit)
  1. Arithmetic and Logical Unit
  2. Control Unit
  3. Memory Unit
1. Arithmetic and Logical Unit:- ALU is an electronic circuit used to perform arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. This unit also has logical operations such as less than, greater than or equal to, etc. Or performs operations on the data provided by the input device.
  Logical operations can be used to determine whether a particular statement is true or false.

2. Control Unit: - This unit controls the operation of each and every component of the computer system. It also controls the transfer of data and instructions among other units of computer.

3. Memory Unit: - It stores the data and instructions. It also sends them to other parts of the computer, when needed. Data instructions and information are stored before processing, during execution and after processing. Computer memory is classified into two categories.

  1.  Internal Memory 
  2. External Memory 

1.  Internal Memory: - Every computer has a certain amount of memory, usually referred to as main memory. This is also called primary memory. Main memory(Primary Memory) is of two types:

i. RAM: - RAM (Random Access Memory) is an important component of memory unit. It is a volatile memory as data and instruction are stored temporarily, during its processing and lost forever, when the computer is switched off.

Types of RAM: -RAM’s are two types

  • SRAM: - abbreviation is Static Random Access Memory that is faster and more reliable than the more common DRAM (Dynamic RAM). 
  •  DRAM: - Stands for Dynamic Random Access Memory, a type of memory used in most Personal Computers. 

ii. ROM: - ROM (Read Only Memory). It is a non-volatile memory as it stores information permanently and cannot be changed. The primary use of ROM is during the booting, which is the initial program to start up the computer, when power is switched on.

Types of ROM: -

  • PROM (Programmable Read-Only Memory) 
  • EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) 
  •  EEPROM (Electricity Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) 

2. External Memory: - External memory is also known as auxiliary memory or secondary memory. It is needed since main memory is expensive and is insufficient to store a huge amount of data. The speed of external memory is much slower than internal memory. Some commonly used storage devices are: hard disks, CD/DVD, pen drive etc.

  Units of Memory: - 

1 Byte                       =          8 bits. 
    1KB (Kilo Byte)              =        1024 Bytes 
1MB (Mega Byte)          =           1024 KB 
  1 GB (Giga Byte)            =          1024 MB 
   1 TB (Tera Byte)            =          1024 GB 
 1 PB (Peta Byte)              =           1024 TB 


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